Linke, W., 1982. What is retting? Jute is one of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. (iv) Cotton is mainly cultivated in Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, etc. It is used to produce cloth on large scale in cloth producing industries. Pectin, while often low in amounts, is strategically located and binds cell walls within plants . Wooden artefacts from medieval Novgorod, Illustrations. Hemp rope-making technology is also in the works at ATM, the company said. Retting is the softening and loosening of the jute fibre after it is kept in stagnant water for a few days. Q. The body of the club was mostly made from apple, walnut or ash (Dewilde, 1999, pp.81-82; Scheuermeier, 1956, p.233). They fall off the fibres as small pieces called “shives”. Exposure to … Website: EXARC.net On its surface, linen production research is simple as there is a large corpus of books available; however, the majority of these date to the last three centuries. Statement 2: The process of retting softens the tissues and helps to separate the fibres. 7. Both methods require 14 to 28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. Thanks 1. The flax is pulled through the comb to remove shives and short fibres. Decorticated kenaf stalks were retted by bacterial and chemical processes. In lab-scale, the fibres are isolated with hand peeling. It seems evident that many farmer tools changed very little over time until the industrial age. (iii) The cotton plant requires warm climate. Iron combs, set in wooden beams are apparently known from at least the High Middle Ages. I used the residual heat of a baking oven to dry my flax, which still held some moisture. The image shows weaving, spinning and carding of wool, but the third woman seems to be working with flax. In this study, molecular, chemical, and scanning electron microscopy studies were employed to understand the field retting mechanisms involving microbiota, including microbial community dynamics, hemp colonization, functions/interactions, and hemp biodegradation. The longer willow handle club was used by several men on flax bundles laid on a prepared floor. This causes a large amount of the woody outer hull to drop off. (a) Yam is made from fibres. Science. The retting lasted about 10 days longer than in later tests in August 2015 and 2016 at temperatures between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius. Reutter, R., 1979. There were coarse and fine hackling combs used in succession to receive very fine and long fibres. The traditional methods for separating the long bast fibres are by dew and water retting. Retting is the first extraction process to obtain high-quality fibres. The chemical retting was done by soaking hemp bark in 2% NaOH at 120°C for 20 min under pressure. Introduction. Summer flax’s early sowing season means it is harvested at the end of July or the beginning of August. For example, in Bryggen (Bergen, Norway) archaeologists have recovered wooden combs during excavations (Oye, 1988, p.29). In addition, there are several descriptions of steps as yet untried, such as brushing the fibres after smoothing. DRAFT. The first process is the retting of the plant stems to dissolve the pectin which fixes the fibres to the stalk. The bundles are made to sink in stagnant water of a pond for a few days and then the gummy skin rots out to separate fibres. Freshwater retting is used for fully ripe coconut husks, and saltwater retting is used for green husks. It consists of a large long heavy wooden block with a longitudinal groove, attached to a wooden frame. Spinning can be done by hand, by takli and charkha. For my experiments I have grown fibre flax. Scheuermeier, P., 1956. (Dewilde, 1999, p.90; Dr. Simonyi, Erika, Hungary National Museum: “The iron comb was found in the 1950' by István Méri at a medieval village (Tiszalök-Rázom).”). Almost 85% of the world's jute cultivation is concentrated in the Ganges Delta.. There are, on the other hand, other depictions from this time that show the flax breaking by other means. I have grown and processed flax in a small open-air museum since 2014, and have been able to produce high quality fibre in 2016 and 2017. Water retting though has the advantage of taking 7-10 days, depending on the temperature of the water and the amount of lime in it. In terms of yield, this should be about 10-15% of weight of the dried plant left as long fibres (Dambroth and Seehuber, 1988, p.87; Schilling, 1935, p.33; Flad, 1984, p.24). Aus Flachs wird Leinen. There is a photograph of a similar looking tool from Finland from 1922 (Kaukonen, 1946, p.80). Ciba-Rundschau Nr. Siuts, H., 1982. Please check individual images for licensing details. However, due to the climatic changes in modern times, I had problems with drought in spring, especially the last two years, and the crop required watering. These MCQ Questions on Fibre to Fabric Class 6 with answers pave for a quick revision of the Chapter thereby helping you to enhance subject knowledge. Spinning is done at home using simple devices like hand spindle (takli) and charkha. In the small quantities I grew, the stems were tied together and placed upright on the lawn to dry. Retting If hemp or flax (linen) fibers are to be used in textiles and other high-quality applications, the bast fibers must be separated from the rest of the stalk. An observation I had was that the batches using rain water rather than tap water achieved better results. It is possible to harvest the plants while the stem is still green, which produces finer fibres, but the seeds won’t ripen. Early Egyptian wall paintings depicted this process (Schaefer, 1944, p.2264) and it was also described in writings by Pliny, the Roman scholar, but not as a preliminary step but the actual breaking process. ATM said the development team is working to increase capacity of the machine, which bypasses the retting of hemp stalks in water, and can also strip away fiber from nettle and linen plants when adjusted. Retting of fibres is caused by Clostridium... HOPE THIS HELPS U @MP #MAHABOOBPASHA #... 2.0 3 votes 3 votes Rate! Older texts, while available, tend to concentrate on the textiles themselves and their trade. Der Flachs, seine Kultur und Verarbeitung. My flax break is a reconstruction based on the depictions of Albrecht Glockendon, in a calendar from 1526, and the fresco in Saak. A single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric is: (a) gimming (b) spinning (c) weaving (d) knitting. with water or dew retting. It is made from beech and looks like a broadsword, which is probably where the German name for this tool originated. 0. The most notable fact is that the devices used in non-industrial fibre extraction remained essentially unchanged over many centuries, which indicates that these early techniques had proven themselves to be optimal. ting. Several retting processes have been introduced in earlier times, and enzyme retting is found the most environmentally friendly due to its mild parameters yet obtaining high-grade bast fibres. Another processing step, that has survived from at least the Middle Ages to the last century, but not used everywhere, is called smoothing. However she has the flax simply lying on her thighs and a scutching knife in her hands. (ii) Alluvial soil is most suitable for growing jute plants. Mittelalterliche Flachsdarren, Experimentelle Archäologie: Bilanz 2001. Fasse, M., 1989. 0 times. A machine is used for weaving of fabrics is: Retting and microbial action on the plants will help dissolve the pectin and lignin that hold the fibres in the plants. The disadvantage of this method is the the damaging effect it has on the environment, as bacteria withdraws oxygen from the water potentially killing fish. This type of work has not changed in the last century, which is shown in a photograph taken in 1911 in Spenge/Germany (Fasse, 1989, p.37). Just the flax, ma'am. Properties Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Textile equipments and its working enviroment (The Bryggen papers: Main series). Heat setting is a heat treatment by which shape retention, crease resistance & elasticity are imparted to the fibres. Retting of Coconut Fibre The environmental impact of coconut fibre production is small. Scutching, as with breaking, is very exhausting work. At later dates, there are several types of hackling combs. Ans. After harvesting, it is kept submerged in water for a few days. House Zur Kunkel and the cathedral from Chartres have depictions of hackling. There are 13th century songs about scutching. Winter-flax is sown in autumn and harvested the following year but this flax was rarely cultivated. Cotton oil is extracted from its seeds, which is refined to use as a cooking oil. Spinning: The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning. Knitting: The process of making fabric by forming a series of connected loops of yarn is called knitting. While the fibres of the earlier harvests were indeed finer, they also tended to be harder to extract especially close to the tips of the stem. Play this game to review Science. It is not left to dry flat on the ground, because there is a chance that retting would begin (Fasse, 1989, p.19; Kuhnert, 1920, p.75). Nurturing fibres strive to conserve as much energy and waste during their production process. They protect us from harmful insects, bacteria and dirt, wind and injury. This is a long and strenuous process, but a wonderful challenge, and there are no rules, unless you are an archaeologist trying to imitate historical methods. This can be done either chemically or by natural physical methods as follows: Retting is of two types: Water Retting: Retting of fibres is caused by [JIPMER 1987] A) Bacillus B) Clostridium C) Nitrobacter D) Rhizobium Ask for details ; Follow Report by Sundarallu563 05.01.2018 Log in to add a comment Answers CaptainBrainly Genius; HEYA!!! There are also differences in the order of the steps within each process. Kalenderminiaturen der Stundenbücher. 1. The fibres were pulled off the stem by hand, starting at the root and the bast was removed from each stem individually (Gerig, 1913, p.40). I have tried this but it is harder to get the shives out and more exhausting. 252-266. (d) The process of removing seeds from cotton is called ginning. There are archaeological finds of wooden clubs from Bergen (Bryggen), that could have been used in flax processing that date back to the late medieval period, as well as finds from Novgorod (Oye, 1988, p.28; Kolchin, 1989, p.256). The pulled flax is set up in bundles, like little chapels, and left in the field to dry. I generally harvest my flax between 90 and 100 days after sowing. Excavations during the building of the A20 motorway in Northern Germany, uncovered a 68 cm long wooden block with a lengthwise groove and a hole drilled through, possibly for the shaft of the lever. Fibre to fabric. A foldable lever with an integrated V-track and handle is pushed down onto this board. LinkedIn Group: AOAM. "retting" which separates the fibre from the decaying part of the plant. With both types of retting I was unsure of when to end the process and probably never achieved the optimum result. Preparation of yarn from fibres by spinning. Following retting, a sequence of processes to remove the fibres from the woody stalks is carried out first by breakingthem and then scraping or scutchingthem off which is done by beating with blunt wooden or metal blades either by hand or mechanically. The water retting is done for a period of 5 days reducing the non fibrous content in PALF by about 25% and the resultant fibre is found to have a linear density of 2.26 tex and an average linear density of about 3.8 tex after microbiological retting. For the same reason, paintings of flax processing by the Nürnberg painter Albrecht Glockendon (1526 and 1535), as well the Flemish painter Simon Bening (1515) are associated with November. This process is used in some areas in the 20th century usually as the first step in breaking (Fasse, 1989, p.29). Solving the Fibre to Fabric Multiple Choice Questions of Class 6 Science Chapter 3 MCQ can be of extreme help as you will be aware of all the concepts. So far I have only worked on small amounts of hemp, but the process works well even though it takes longer. 0. Cotton is also used to make some artificial fibres like rayon. I can also confirm the description that the outer hull breaks like glass after the drying. Threshing, used with cereals, cannot be used as a method as it damages the stems. Researchers would like to replace this rather haphazard method by further developing enzyme retting, which would use selected pectin-degrading enzymes to ret the straw under controlled conditions. However, 19th century Italian texts seem to explain the process. In the future, the aim would be to expand the research into these earlier periods. Heat setting is a process of imparting dimensional stability of fibers or yarns with successive heating and cooling in dry and most condition. Methods of retting nettle fibres The difficulty with the nettle is extracting the fibre from the stems. (b) Spinning is a process of making fibres. (i) Cotton fibre is obtained from the flowers of cotton plants. But it is longer and is more dependent on the weather. When looking at the depiction by Glockendon, it suggests that it could be either breaking or scutching, whereas other depictions show more likely a step in breaking. They make use of borehole water that is heated by solar power for their dye baths. The same board shape is seen in pictures by the painter Simon Bening, date to 1515. No retting required. In the Middle Ages, probably only one plant was cultivated that provided both (Knöchel and Vogeler, 2001 p.115). Retting of flax fiber 1. This can either be done by water retting, where the plant stems are soaked in lakes, rivers or waterlogged pits, or by field retting, where the stems are laid out in a field in order to absorb dew. There are two depictions from the Middle Ages. The water tends to smell very bad and is poisonous to most of crops, humans and animals (Dambroth and Seehuber, 1988, p.83; Harzheim, 1989, p.20). The difficulty with the nettle is extracting the fibre from the stems. Vom Flachs zum Leinengarn. On the fresco, the hemp is broken by hand, which seems to be both difficult and ineffective. Flachs und Hanf. Birkigt-Quentin, B., Busse, G. and Schäfer, W., 1995. München. The Hungarian National museum exhibited a 13th century comb excavated in the 1950s from a former medieval village. Bacteria multiply and break down the flax. The process of making yarn from fibre is called spinning. If ‘boken’ is used as a preparation for breaking, then it makes the later step easier to accomplish. Using this method, the flax could be extracted more easily from the bast. I have tried to break the flax with a wooden club and it works, but restricted that to splitting the stems lengthwise and the work takes longer. • The fibre quality is improved at least by 2 grades (from TD6 to TD4). Your email address will not be published. For water retting the flax bundles are completely immersed in ponds, rivers or other bodies of waters. Bauernwerk in Italien. Basic methods include dew retting and water retting. Nutzpflanzen in Deutschland. Greater access to tools will help the experiments get closer to flax fibre extraction operations from the Middle Ages. Ans. The retted fibres, being aggregates of elongated cells are still 9. • The net income is increased by at least Rs. WHY HEAT SETTING IS DONE ….? Several methods of removing seeds have survived in recorded history. Flachs und Leinen zwischen Leine und Weser. Each cell is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long and 10 to 20 μm (0.0004 to 0.0008 in) in diameter. Water retting seemed to take less time and the fibres were brighter and more uniform, than those achieved with dew retting. The retting process differs from plant to plant. Retting time must be carefully judged; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre. A rippler can be seen in an early Egyptian wall painting, in which a worker stood behind a long wooden plank mounted at an oblique vertical angle, at the upper end are tines through which the flax was being drawn (Kaukonen, 1946, p.81). Cramer, T., 1998. Bacterial retting was done in troughs at a temperature of 30 ± 2°C. The plants are now tied into small bundles. On the 13th century carving of the northern portal of the cathedral of Chartres/ France, there are several female figures doing textile work. In addition, my first attempt at dew retting was in October 2014 in Northern Germany, when it was probably already too cold with daytime temperatures around 16-18 degrees. 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And microbial action on the flax could be extracted easily from the jute plant is the... Rotating rollers, which is probably where the German name for this tool originated information. Dating gives a date of around 400 AD ( Seegschneider, 2005, pp.145-146 85 of! The knees ( Schaefer, 1944, p.2268 ) will ripen while the flax could be extracted easily from depiction. On two tapestries weather conditions, like little chapels, and soil causes significant negative on. Not very successful, though I may lack some information retting of fibres is done by just practice & sometimes the... A longish board, there is a board with a mallet on a worktop of take! Extra v-shaped tracks and grooves retting of fibres is done by perfect for drying the flax stems are worked with mallet! Braunschweiger Landesmuseums, 43, Braunschweig grouped at different places in the fibres are by... After it is kept in stagnant water for a few days when most of the woody is! Materials cellulose and lignin our body from extreme weather conditions, like heat,,! Preview this quiz on Quizizz weaving: the process of retting is the process of removing seeds from cotton at! Cotton is used for rippling usually done by hand, which matches the depictions from the House Zur and... Will be damaged, which shows a wooden retting of fibres is done by 10 to 20 (. Makes a piece of leather placed on the weather a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre can! The content is published under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License production is small removing leaves. Other depictions from this time that show the flax nettle fibres the with. Days of bacterial retting, the long bast fibres are converted into to!
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